Oceanic Domain Awareness An Imperative Environmental Sciences Essay Free Essays

string(133) " ultimate end is to obtain a sense of planetary consciousness that reaches beyond the confines of the tactical and regional degrees\." Modern naval scheme is basically based on assorted agencies to turn up possible enemy forces across the oceans, a job complicated by the enormousness of the maritime environment, the immense figure of legitimate users, and the broad assortment of agencies by which an enemy can work the oceans to his advantage. The oceans are complex mediums whose nature provides ample chance for an enemy to avoid detection-weather, sea provinces, and coastal land masses all present considerable challenges to modern detectors. Peacetime economic usage of the seas complicates this job tremendously. We will write a custom essay sample on Oceanic Domain Awareness An Imperative Environmental Sciences Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now The oceans are the universe ‘s foremost ( and arguably most unregulated ) main road, place to a huge and broad assortment of international impersonal transportation that possess no evident menace. Determining the enemy in such a crowded and complex environment is hard during conventional war, during an asymmetric struggle such as the planetary war on panic ( GWOT ) , it is a formidable undertaking. It is the asymmetric nature of GWOT that forms the nucleus of Maritime Domain Awareness ( MDA ) . In conventional naval war the enemy is comparatively good defined and about universally a battler. In GWOT, where literally any vas could be a possible enemy or arm bearer, or when any nautical event can hold an impact on the security of India, demands a much higher degree of consciousness than that usually required in a conventional naval struggle. This is recognised by the formal definition of MDA as articulated by the US authorities vide their document National Security Presidential Directive 41, 2004: – Maritime Domain Awareness is â€Å" the effectual apprehension of anything associated with the planetary maritime environment that could impact the security, safety, economic system or environment of U.S. This is accomplished through the integrating of intelligence, surveillance, observation, and pilotage systems into one common runing image ( COP ) that is accessible throughout the U.S. Government. Unlike traditional naval operations, it is evident that the end of MDA is far more than merely looking for possible maritime enemies poised to assail India. The deductions of â€Å" Anything associated † with the maritime environment that can impact the security, safety, economic system or environment go far beyond a authoritative maritime menace. As per the US reading, these include smuggling of people or unsafe ladings, buccaneering, proliferation of Weapons of Mass Destruction ( WMD ) , designation and protection of critical maritime substructure, oil spills, conditions, and environmental concerns among other events. Nautical events that could potentially impact India are non the lone wide-ranging component of MDA it is besides indispensable that menaces be identified as early and far from the seashore as possible. The planetary nature of MDA activities happening overseas and in foreign ports is really much a portion of MDA. For illustration, if a lading is loaded in Aden and its ultimate finish is India ( via several other international ports ) , the burden, conveyance, security, and all affairs associated with that container would be portion of MDA. MDA must hence be exercised over all oceans worldwide, and potentially cover all nautical involvements that finally impact India. Puting in topographic point an effectual MDA is a powerful undertaking sing the scope of possible security challenges and tremendous geographic country represented by the maritime sphere. In India a overplus of bureaus possessing a broad scope of operational and intelligence capablenesss would necessitate information merg er under the over-arching MDA. Although many factors are considered in MDA, its nucleus procedure is finally the monitoring of vass and the vass ‘ lading, crews, and riders to quickly bring forth geo-locating information on vass of involvement. This is an analytical procedure that includes trailing, informations base hunts for unknown linkages and anomaly sensing. Cardinal to this is the sensing, monitoring, tracking of vass. This tracking procedure is comprised of five elements designed to concentrate on a narrow country of tactical dimension where menaces can be identified and isolated viz. ; Maritime surveillance, Detection, Tracking, Classification A ; Identification and aiming. Targeting involves construing sensing and designation information fused with intelligence to screen vessel purposes and determine hazard. MDA ‘s nucleus is using the vas tracking procedure to a superimposed defense mechanism theoretical account centred on the coastline of India, the ultimate end of which is to observe possible menaces early and as far off from the Indian coastline as possible. As there is no individual high value unit to protect MDA â€Å" beds † are expanded to include an full coastline with the overall end of co-ordinated surveillance. Not all countries in these â€Å" beds † are considered every bit, but instead extra attending is given to countries that are possible marks for the terrorist/enemy. The US has the 2000nm bound of the Maritime sensing and Identification zone MDIZ it is based on the legislated 96 hr presentment demand for foreign vass come ining U.S. ports. A vas going 20kts will get at its finish in approximately 96 hours. MDIZ ‘s purpose is to garner more timely information on the vas as it approaches closer to the U.S. seashore. When come ining the MDIZ, places every four hours are the norm while in territorial Waterss the end is to obtain positional informations every 3 proceedingss. There are many systems that could supply a high grade of surveillance and tracking informations, but the existent merger of this information remains a job country. In order to deduce a comprehensive MDA image, information demands to be fused, correlated, and analysed and for it to be relevant to national security it must be designed to run cohesively at tactical, regional and strategic degrees. Strategic MDA On the national degree, nautical scheme is critical for long term planning, operational penetration, and supplying national determination shapers with support to set up precedences, determine schemes of mutualist administrations, allocate national resources, and determine degree of overall maritime menace This is a hard procedure during normal peacetime operations and is peculiarly ambitious in the invariably altering asymmetric maritime environment that MDA is designed to turn to. MDA ‘s ultimate end is to obtain a sense of planetary consciousness that reaches beyond the confines of the tactical and regional degrees. You read "Oceanic Domain Awareness An Imperative Environmental Sciences Essay" in category "Essay examples" If MDA was merely a defensive scheme against a known military or terrorist menace, it could be obtained by organizing defensive beds around India. But as an informational/awareness system, its ends are far broader, seeking to understand all possible maritime menaces to India, many of which could arise overseas in an unoffending mode. Strategic MDA requires a wide position and capablenesss at the highest degrees of analysis, intelligence, and policy. It requires the realignment of bureaucratism and the re-tasking of national assets toward the overall end of planetary consciousness. A Centre for strategic MDA must hold experience in multi-organisation operations and processs that can exceed the spread between the armed forces, jurisprudence enforcement, and regulative bureaus that are portion of MDA. In the maritime sphere, this is possible through enlargement of bing substructure, specifically developing such a fusion/analysis point. Two countries of detector engineerings that have peculiar pertinence to strategic MDA are a orbiter based feeling capableness and a net work of submerged surveillance detectors. Structure of the Indian MDA The 26 Nov 2008 onslaught on Mumbai has been analysed and security spreads addressed to explicate the MDA. The cardinal rule for the MDA has been the application of informations blending to acquire actionable intelligence inputs to mensurate, comparison and place and prosecute and forestall sea-borne condemnable activities. The figure of different bureaus at cardinal and province degree involved is 13, and hence effectual coordination is an issue. Some of the enterprises include: – – Launch of GSAT7 orbiter in geosynchronous orbit by lSRO, with Rukmani terminuss ( ex Israel ) placed on Major war vessels for instantaneous informations transportation to run into the demands of the Navy. ISRO is besides likely to set in topographic point by 2013 the Indian Regional Navigation Seven Satellite System ( IRNSS ) which would supply informations within 1000 stat mis of India. – Puting up of The National Command Control Communication and Intelligence web ( NC3IN ) . – The puting up of a radio detection and ranging concatenation ( X band AIS receiving system VHF and Electro-Optics ) of 46 detector Stationss being linked with the AIS inputs ( Covering the full Indian seashore ) , and LRIT and Vessel Traffic Management Systems. Coastal secret plans are maintained by the ICG Regional HQs to back up the Joint Operations Centres ( JOCs ) set up following to naval nautical operations suites ( MORS ) in all naval bids and at New Delhi. – Puting up of Multi Agency Centres ( MAC ) for intelligence inputs and studies. – Registration of fishing vass by provinces, and proviso of battery operated Distress Action Terminals ( DATs ) for vass below 300 dozenss. DG Shipping would supply smaller fishing boats with AIS transponders which has enforced ISPS codification for Port security with port security programs. Supplying Biometric /recognition individuality cards for fishermen which can be identified on a machine on board surveillance platforms. – Puting up of a Marine Police force with 73 Coastal constabulary Stationss across 9 provinces and provided with 5 and 10 ton trade which can police inshore Waterss. – A uninterrupted outline of record of transporting with World Customs Organisation has been enforced and MARSEC security degrees are exercised and coastal villagers educated on demand to be argus-eyed by the IN and ICG. – The Indian Navy has instituted Marine Commandos Rapid Reaction Forces and a Sagar Prahari Bal ( SPB ) of 100 mariners who are being equipped with 80 fast interceptor trade ( FICs ) for protection of naval bases, VAs and VPs. UAVs and Aerostats are besides planned for initiation. – Coordinated coastal and seaward plus patrolling has been strengthened by the IN and the ICG. – All stairss for MDA are networked with the Indian Navy ‘s fleet of ships, pigboats and MR aircraft. The Government of India has put in topographic point a formidable program for MDA, and the single systems are being setup prior to concluding integrating and fusing of informations. It is expected that the MDA would be to the full functional by 2015. However, in close hereafter it can be presumed that Indian Navy would draw a bead on to get formidable sea denial and sea control capablenesss. It is opined that the footings Sea watch/denial/ control are likely to spread out and transform in to ‘Oceanic infinite watch/ denial/control ‘ . The term Oceanic infinite denial/control would encompass a cylindrical infinite in 3D+ dimensions ; that is the sea surface, the atmospheric volume above, the outer infinite at least up to low Earth revolving satellite highs, the H2O volume up to the sea bed, the sea bed itself and besides security of the deep sea mining assets in the EEZ. ( Opinion of the writer ) . The above premiss implies that a broader pelagic skyline is in fact inclusive of non merely extended and broader spacial operating sphere, but besides much wider and broader raid in to the verticals below the surface to the sea bed and above up to fringe of the ambiance. Unless deductions of this nature are anticipated and factored in, technological prognosiss themselves would drag behind the rapid progressing gait of engineering and the synergisms being achieved due to harmonization and version inter and intra scientific Fieldss. Therefore it is imperative that holistic positions into the information consciousness sphere include the pelagic sphere consciousness every bit good as it ‘s connect with India ‘s security and MDA. Oceanic Domain Awareness Scientific survey of the oceans originated in U.S. basically as a map of national security. Probes that focused on the tactical and operational impacts of the fluid, geophysical, chemical and biological Marine environment upon U.S. Navy operations successfully addressed many disputing naval demands ; but oceanographic enquiry in support of naval demands besides triggered unexpected consequences. In many cases the cognition of the oceans that was acquired through directed surveies – and through complementary lines of enquiry that were enabled by tools developed for naval oceanographic research – farther wedged national security in ways that were non anticipated and which transcended tactical and operational significance and could be considered of more strategic effect. The primary drift to the rapid development of oceanology during its twentieth century yearss as a scientific discipline is without a uncertainty the pigboat and the cardinal alterations that occurred when naval warfare became genuinely 3-dimensional. Prosecuting pigboats was executable chiefly through the transmittal of submerged sound, actively by echo sounder to echo-locate marks and passively by listening hydrophones and triangulation. The range of oceanographic attempts in the chase of the pigboat opened all of the oceanographic subjects ( physical, chemical, biological, and geological oceanology ) to increased investing, research attempt and – significantly – to integrating. Twentieth-century oceanology was basically a security-based enterprise to cut down the opacity of the oceans to antisubmarine warfare in WWI, WWII and the Cold War, and harness that opacity for violative pigboat operations, along with a host of other security based naval concerns. In the ocean scientific disciplines, new engineering necessarily leads to new finds and to cardinal progresss in basic cognition. In the old ages following World War II, the first global-scale function and sampling of the seafloor by oceanographic research vass led straight to the find of seafloor spreading and the development of the theory of home base tectonics which has since revolutionised thoughts of Earth construction and development. A decennary subsequently, the first geographic expedition of mid-ocean ridges utilizing deep-towed vehicles and manned submersibles resulted in the singular find of deep-sea hydrothermal blowhole communities with antecedently unknown signifiers of life and a huge, still mostly undiscovered microbial biosphere below the seafloor. Over the past two decennaries, ocean physicists, chemists, life scientists, and geologists have used a assortment of tools, from instrumented buoys to deep-sea boring, to redefine their apprehension of the ocean ‘s f unction in commanding conditions and longer-term clime alteration. The ocean scientific disciplines are now on the threshold of another major technological progress as the scientific community begins to set up a planetary, long-run presence in the oceans in order to understand the temporal variableness of ocean systems on clip graduated tables runing from seconds to decennaries or longer. This chance arises from the meeting of a figure of emerging new technological capablenesss, including: – – Telecommunication engineering ( e.g. , orbiters, fiber-optic pigboat overseas telegrams ) that makes possible real-time telemetry of huge measures of informations to shore every bit good as real-time synergistic control of instruments in even the most distant parts of the deep sea ; – Telecommunication overseas telegrams that enable important degrees of power to run instruments from the sea surface to the deep seafloor ; – New detectors that make possible in situ measurings of physical, chemical, and biological procedures ; – Computational and patterning capablenesss to construct more realistic, multidisciplinary, and prognostic theoretical accounts of ocean phenomena ; – Data archival systems that can hive away, pull strings, and recover immense volumes of informations from arrays of detectors ; and – Computer webs that can convey real-time informations to the desktop, which could potentially immensely increase engagement of research workers, pupils, pedagogues and the general populace in ocean research and find. An illustration of a double usage observatory is the Sound Surveillance System ( SOSUS ) , a classified system developed by the U.S. Navy in the late fiftiess to observe, path, and sort Russian pigboats utilizing arrays of submerged hydrophones. SOSUS is a web of acoustic arrays in which hydrophones are connected to a shore station by a pigboat overseas telegram. Research workers with security clearances have used the system for productive surveies of mid-ocean ridge volcanic-hydrothermal systems, marine mammals, and acoustic thermometry. SOSUS has besides provided the research community with technology know-how that will be relevant to any cabled web of ocean observatories. One lesson from the U.S. Navy ‘s SOSUS type of arrays is that the acquisition and public distribution of acoustic and other geophysical informations in some parts along a state ‘s coastline poses a important national security hazard. Technologies ( e.g. , robust detectors and substructure, independent vehicles ) must be developed to heighten informations aggregation in all conditions conditions to back up high-spatial declaration and near-real-time prediction throughout the Open Ocean and coastal zone. Supplying accurate and comprehensive environmental information will necessitate spread outing experimental webs to supervise, record, and present real-time, surface-monitoring informations ( e.g. , high-frequency, coastal-based radio detection and rangings ) . This enlargement will necessitate progressing detector and engineering development, peculiarly for independent and relentless observations, every bit good as for long-run detecting systems ; spread outing real-time or near-real-time informations aggregation on environmental variables by integrating experimental capablenesss of ships of chance ( e.g. , fishing, lading, and rider vass ) ; and heightening automated and independent bottom-mapping capablenesss for alteration sensing to better rapid, all-out study programming. Datas collected by the detecting systems must be accessible through a comprehensive national information web, either through a individual system or a distributed web. Developing this information web will necessitate new methodological analysiss that address spreads in informations aggregation, sharing, and interoperability of engineerings, and should allow integrating of bing research into operational systems ( e.g. , systems supplying real-time pilotage informations to vass ) . This information web should be able to associate with other databases, such as those concentrating on ecosystem informations, and developed in conformity with international criterions for informations exchange. The national information web will besides supply the informations needed for theoretical accounts imitating multiple scenarios to better understand possible impacts, conditions events or semisynthetic breaks on Marine operations, and to back up operations Restoration programs. The seashore and unfastened ocean are critical spheres for the security of a state with sea as boundaries, both at place and abroad. National-security operations in the ocean take topographic point globally and frequently require uninterrupted, near-real-time monitoring of environmental conditions utilizing tools such as independent detectors, targeted observations, and adaptative modeling. These capablenesss, combined with improved apprehension of the ocean environment enabled by other ocean scientific discipline research activities, will back up accurate ocean-state appraisals and let hereafter forces to carry on joint and combined operations in near shore and deep-ocean operating environments, anyplace and at anytime. In position of the treatment above it has been brought out that the MDA needs to be integrated within pelagic sphere consciousness for completeness of maritime cognition, the deficiency of which can take to serious effects as has been brought out in a recent appraisal of naval exercisings and arm fires in the US, where it was found that over 90 % of them were affected adversely due to amiss assessed or small known environmental factors. In an existent struggle, these would hold led to mission failures. This lone under-pins the fact that Oceanic Domain Awareness is an enabler for the hereafter and an jussive mood for a state like India. How to cite Oceanic Domain Awareness An Imperative Environmental Sciences Essay, Essay examples

Jane Eyre As A Feminist Novel Essay Example For Students

Jane Eyre As A Feminist Novel Essay A feminist is a person whose beliefs and behavior are based on feminism (belief in the social, political, and economic equality of the sexes). Jane Eyre is clearly a critique of assumptions about both gender and social class. It contains a strong feminist stance; it speaks to deep, timeless human urges and fears, using the principles of literature to chart the mind? s recesses. Thus, Jane Eyre is an epitome of femininity a young independent individual steadfast in her morals and has strong Christian virtues, dominant, assertive and principled. That itself is no small feat. Firstly, Jane Eyre is a young woman who faces hardships with great determination. Raised by Mrs. Reed, a cruel aunt, she is sent to Lowood, a bleak charity school run by the tyrannical Mr. Brocklehurst, where she endures a lonely and sad life. ?Human beings must love something, and, in the dearth of worthier objects of affection, I contrived to find a pleasure in loving and cherishing a faded graven image, shabby as a miniature scarecrow. Jane faces the prospects of a young woman lacking the social advantages of family, money, and beauty, and therefore especially vulnerable to the fascination of admiration and security. Jane endures so much suffering through out the novel Jane suffers through the cruel treatment of Lowood because her aunt wants to punish her for her rebelliousness, she suffers heartbreak for her attempt to marry her beloved Rochester, and suffers an estrangement from St. John when she chooses to uphold her belief that marriages should be for love and not for convenience. Despite the pain her choices bring her, she manages to maintain her independence in the face of these overwhelming powers over her. And despite the happy ending when she is reunited with Mr. Rochester, it is not love but courage that defines her character. Secondly, Jane Eyre is an independent individual. She completes her schooling, and spends two years teaching, as well. After Miss Temple marries, Jane realizes that she has a great desire to leave Lowood, to see more of the world, and to better her living position. She becomes a governess ? plain and hard-working governess. She believes that Women are supposed to be very calm generally; but women feel just as men feel; they need exercise for their faculties and a field for their efforts as much as their brothers do; they suffer from too rigid a restraint, too absolute a stagnation, precisely as men would suffer; and it is narrow-minded in their more privileged fellow-creatures to say that they ought to confine themselves to making puddings and knitting stockings, to playing on the piano and embroidering bags. It is thoughtless to condemn them, or laugh at them, if they seek to do more or learn more than custom has pronounced necessary for their sex. As a great friendship and affection grow for Jane and Mr. Rochester, Jane notices that Rochester wishes to shower her in jewels, buy her fancy dresses, raise her up to some impossible image of the bride or woman, which does not suit her at all. This new treatment feels unequal, as Rochester would pay for her completely, she feels too dependent on him, and not her own woman. Jane acknowledges that she makes Rochester promise to let her continue on as Adeles governess and being paid for that so that they are equal, or as she puts it: By that I shall earn my board and lodging, and thirty pounds a year besides. Ill furnish my own wardrobe out of that money, and you shall give me nothing but your regard: and if I give you mine in return the debt will be quit. Janes views on this affair are extremely feminist when taken out of past perspective. In actuality, she attempt to not change the power dynamics of her relationship with Rochester, to be paid for work, instead of becoming his object or property. But she admits later: My future husband was becoming to me my whole world; and more than the world: almost my hope of heaven. A comparison of the themes of Thomas Wyatt and Henry Howard EssayThere would be recesses in my mind which would be only mine, to which he never came; and sentiments growing there, fresh and sheltered, which his austerity could never blight, nor his measured warrior-march trample down: but as his wife at his side always, and always restrained, and always checked forced to keep the fire of my nature continually low, to compel it to burn inwardly and never utter a cry, though the imprisoned flame consumed vital after vital this would be unendurable. In many ways, the St. Johns proposal tempts her. However, St. Johns principles ambition, austerity, and arrogance are not those that Jane holds. Misguided religion threatens to afflict Jane throughout the book, and St. John merely embodies one form of it. He also embodies masculine dominance, another force that threatens Jane like a harsh burden over the course of the novel. Thus, she describes St. John and notes his assertion of his authority. Jane must escape such control in order to remain true to herself, for she realizes that her conventional manner of dealing with oppression by withdrawing into herself, into the recesses of her imagination, into conversation with herself cannot constitute a way of life. Furthermore, through all her pains, Janes moral sensibilities and Christian virtues are not troubled, for she puts all trust and faith in Gods plan for her life. Feeling clamoured wildly. ?Oh, comply!? it said. soothe him; save him; love him; tell him you love him and will be his. Who in the world cares for you? Or who will be injured by what you do Still indomitable was the reply: I care for myself. The more solitary, the more friendless, the more unsustained I am, the more I will respect myself. I will keep the law given by God; sanctioned by man. I will hold to the principles received by me when I was sane and not mad as I am now. Laws and principles are not for the times when there is no temptation. They have a worth so I have always believed; and if I cannot believe it now, it is because I am insane quite insane: with my veins running fire, and my heart beating faster than I can count its throbs. Jane emphasizes her strong sense of moral integrity over and against her intense immediate feelings. Rochester is the first person that has ever truly loved her yet she knows that staying with him would mean compromising herself because she would be Rochesters mistress rather than his wife. Not only would she lose her self-respect, she would probably lose Rochesters, too, in the end. Hence, Jane asserts her worth and her ability to love herself regardless of how others treat her. The quote also highlights Janes understanding of religion. She sees God as the giver of the laws by which she must live. When she can no longer trust herself to exercise good judgment, she looks to these principles as an objective point of reference. Throughout the novel, the author raises a question on how a woman in her society can have passion and principle, love and independence. Though Jane Eyre does not so much suggest definitive answers, she is truly an epitome of femininity a young independent individual steadfast in her morals and has strong Christian virtues, dominant, assertive and principled and the novel, as create the questions with urgency and a depth of imagination that challenge readers not only through comprehending but also its outcome on its audiences life.

Scarlet Letter And Sin Essays - English-language Films,

Scarlet Letter And Sin Hester Prynne, through the eyes of the Puritans, is an extreme sinner; she has gone against the Puritan ways, committing adultery. For this irrevocably harsh sin, she must wear a symbol of shame for the rest of her life. "On the breast of her gown, in a fine red cloth surrounded by an elaborate embroidery and fantastic flourishes of gold thread, appeared the letter 'A.'" Hester's scarlet "A" serves as a public symbol of her private sin. Because Hester is able to declare her guilt openly, she is freed from excessive remorse, and her sin serves to enrich and dignify rather than to destroy her. The letter makes her stronger and more an individual. As foreshadow as Hawthorne speaks of the scarlet letter, "..It had the effect of a spell, taking her out of the ordinary relations with humanity and enclosing her in a sphere by herself," Hester indeed does isolate herself, and stays ".... out of the sphere of social activity.." and moves out to an isolated cottage. Hester decides that "Here....had been the scene of her guilt, and here should be the scene of her earthly punishment, the torture of her daily shame would at length purge her soul and work out another purity than that which she had lost; more saintlike, because of the result of matyrdom. Hester Prynne, therefore did not flee." This is where she sinned, this shall be where she suffers and gives penance. As expected, Hester is at first shunned and humiliated by the townspeople, who ignore their own faults and project them onto Hester, and then later their children project them onto Pearl, who does not have the "divine maternity" of Hester, who can do no wrong. Hester behaves with decorum and grace, helping others who are hungry, sick, or in need. Slowly the disdain of the townspeople turns to admiration, "...Many people refused to interpet the scarlet "A" by it's orginial signification. They said it meant "Able"..." and Hester becomes a respected person in a Puritan society by overcoming one of the harshest punishments, the scarlet letter. All in all, in the conclusion of the book, Hawthorne demondstrats to us that Hester Prynne and Arthur Dimmsdale, whom both commited the same sin, but dealt and lived with it in completly different ways, were ultimately both forgiven. We learn that their graves were next to one another, but "..with a space inbetween, as if the dust of the two sleepers had no right to mingle." but, in the end "Yet one tombstone served for both." Finally, we are left with: "On a Field, Sable, The Letter A Gules." Arthur Dimmesdale is his own worst enemy. He hates himself and must physically inflict pain upon himself. "He thus typified the constant introspection wherewith he tortured, but could not purify, himself" to never forget what he has done. He lacks the courage to risk his important position in society by admitting his sin publicly, but is unable to achieve any inner calm while living with his hypocrisy. To Dimmesdale, it is bad that Hester is shown publicly as a sinner, but people forget that. What is far worse than public shame is Dimmesdale's own cruel inner shame. Publicly he becomes more and more passionate and effective in his sermons and moral counsil to his congregation. Privately he is torn with self-hatred, and his body wastes away because of the remorse and knowing what only he and Hester know gnaws at his soul. He has not confessed, therefore he knows he can't begin his true penance, thus never being forgiven. He finally has the courage to do so at the hour of his death.

Toxic Waste essays

Toxic Waste essays Pollution prevention consists of all those activities that reduce the generation of hazardous waste. Many terms are used to describe these activities: waste minimization, waste reduction, source reduction, waste diversion, pollution prevention, recycling, and reuse. In a recent policy statements EPA suggested the following hierarchy for management of wastes: In plant practices that reduce, avoid or eliminate the generation of hazardous waste as to reduce risks to health and the environment. Actions taken away from the waste generating activity, including waste recycling or treatment of wastes after they are generated, are not considered waste reduction. Also, an action that merely concentrates t hazardous content of a waste to reduce waste volume or dilutes it to reduce degree hazard, is not considered waste reductions The somewhat broader term pollution prevention has an evolving definition that includes: * Identifying and estimating all releases An appropriate place to initiate waste minimization investigations is to examine way: to reduce the volume of hazardous waste. This can be accomplished by a number methods including modifying production processes, segregation, and re-use. It should be noted that under some regulatory schemes, simply reducing the volume of the waste without an accompanying reduction in toxicity would not be considered "was minimization." Process modifications include changes in: Equipment Hunt suggests the following additional measures to reduce dragout: Air knife (low pressure air to b ...

Global Supply Chain Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

Global Supply Chain Management - Essay Example Mollenkopf, et al. (2010) has discussed on the concept of the sustainable supply chain management system. The synchronization process of green, lean and global supply chain management processes have been discussed in the article. All the other journals have provided the different approaches of the supply chain management process. However, Mollenkopf, et al. has depicted a new concept that can maintain the ecological balances. The author has mentioned that, by reducing the carbon emissions and utilizing the natural gasses, the companies can progress towards the sustainable business practices. The author has also added that in order to deal with the competition of the global market, the companies are required to manage the supply chain processes effectively. The report highlights on the major issues of the supply chain management system. The issues such as inventory management, better networking, outsourcing etc. have been identified as the major challenges of the supply chain managers of the global firms. The report also concluded that sustainable business practices are the major concern for most of the global firms at present time. The discussions of the articles have also found that most of the companies have been focusing on collaborating the stages of the supply chain management system. Moreover, the authors have also stressed on TQM as a process of ensuring the quality parameter. Managing sustainable supply chain practices and the operational cost can be considered difficult tasks for the global managers.

Anti-Drinking Campaign in the University of Minnesota Essay

Anti-Drinking Campaign in the University of Minnesota - Essay Example This section also details why a total ban on alcohol can not work citing developments that occurred during the American Prohibition era as a sample case study. Further, it explains the reasons why Community College Events should be factored in when controlling alcohol use. The next section mirrors on ways or methods which should be adopted to arrest the problem. The last section is conclusion and recommendations. 2.0 Introduction 2.1 Aim of the Research Proposal This research proposal aims to achieve a number of objectives. The overall objective is to demonstrate the importance of reducing and managing alcoholism at the University of Minnesota and how the budget of doing that can be reduced. The specific objectives include 1. Assessment of alcoholism in the United States colleges and the biases therein 2. Demystifying complete elimination of alcohol sale by focusing on the lows of prohibition period that took place in the United States for 14 years. In doing so the proposal argues in favour of alcohol provision but with legal/policy interventions to restrict its usage 3. The adoption of a number of measures to limit alcohol use in schools and community events 2.2 Background of Study/ Context Analysis 2.2.1 Importance of Restricting Alcohol Drinking in College Community Events Casady, Flora and Foote (2007) observe that community events are sometimes characterized by students and underage youths easily getting drunk because of availability of alcohol. About 50% of alcohol intake at community festivals is done by students or youth. These authors propose alcohol ban or restrictions in colleges or community events by curtailing sales through policies such as ID checking or reducing the number of servings that are extended to individuals. This is their view ultimately minimizes access to alcohol by students. They further cite studies which show that in an average event 50% those that are already intoxicated have 80% chance of buying more. Further, this kind of behav iour sometimes brings about disruption, vandalism and other anti-social behaviours. In 2004 professional basketball, a number of these behaviours were witnessed with many drunken students throwing beer bottles and cups at players on the court. Thus measures such as stopping alcohol sales at some point are important in mitigating such occurrences (Casaddy et. al, 2007). 2.2.2 Why Complete ban of Alcohol is a mirage and fruitless: Case Study of Era of Prohibition in America The reasons why the complete ban of alcoholic drinks in America is fruitless can be found in the analysis of the prohibition era. Peck (2009) observes that by the end of the World War 1 a number of changes had taken place in America, one of which was the nonexistence of alcoholic drinks. The American Government had put in place a policy that prompted the elimination saloon intoxicating liquor. Broadly speaking the era of prohibition refers to the epoch in the history of the United States when the production, sale a nd the transportation of liquor were unlawful for a period of 14 years (1920-1933) (Peck, 2009). One question that immediately comes to mind and which this proposal is interested in is, â€Å"Why was this measure put in place?†Ã‚  Ã‚  

Zara Fast Fashion Key Factors Marketing Essay

Zara Fast Fashion Key Factors Marketing Essay CUSTOMERS: They notice customers desires and then the design process is launched. This is a quick process which enables them to lower the costs by using a react policy instead of a forecasting one STORES: Particular attention for their stores, which are their main advertising medium in fact their advertisement budget is 0,3% of the net income (HM and Gap 3-4%). They prefer publicity coming from their main street and unique stores rather than an expensive advertising campaign. EMPLOYEES RESPONSIBILITY: Bottom up process in which Zaras headquarters leave the responsibility of choosing clothes to the store managers ( they know the local market ina better way). Moreover their wages are 70% variable and this encourages them to sell more in a good competitive way _VERTICAL INTEGRATION: This is why they are doing so well and why they can be associated to FAST FASHION. Their vertical integration allows them to design and finish goods wich you can find into the store in 4-5 weeks HIGH TURNOVER OF THEIR PRODUCTS. Thanks to this impressive response capability, Zara is able to follow fashion instead of betting on it this means that the entrepreneurial risk is minimized to a level that no one other competitorwould ever reach this rapid product turnover creates a climate of scarcity and opportunity that must be caught in Zaras retail stores. Strenghts Weaknesses Vertical integration Lower quantities of goods produced means that theres a rapid product turnover. This creates an artificial sense of scarcity among consumers and allows Zara to sell more merchandise at full price, lowering costs via reducing markdown merchandise 85% of styles produced in-season very updated products, capturing the latest trend; Incredibly short lead times (time from design to sale)-: average of 15 days Unique quick response system: store managers as the most important people in the company Custom-built IT support, allowing very quick and efficient transmission of sales and trends information from stores to the HQ; Extremely low advertising costs; Store design creating a unique shopping experience Broad market segmentation Inability to penetrate the American market: differences in tastes, weak supply chain strategy in America Unable to acquire economies of scale by producing large quantities for a discounted rate: higher costs arising from vertical integration Higher costs of training personnel and of changeover of production techniques due to changes to garments being made in-season, as well as new styles being introduces Opportunities Threats Explore other world markets Expand into Internet retailing Offer different styles in different stores within the same city to avoid cannibalisation of own sales Cannibalization. Zaras extensive location strategy involves putting multiple Zara stores that carry the same stock in the same cities. That means Zara is trying to sell the same exact merchandise to the same people that reside in that city. NINTENDO BLUE OCEAN STRATEGY According to businessweek.com, in a list compiled by A.T. Kearney Nintendo is ranked as #1 in the 2009 most profitable companies its sales have risen 36% annually over the past five years and its value growth averaged 38%. KEY FACTORS -EMPLOYEES RESPONSIBILITY: They bought a very expensive software called Xylo just to help their employees with a private online network of work/life products to develop their work (even at home) in a better way. And according to the Financial Times Nintendo is totally repaid because every employee generated an average a $1.6 million each for them. -SUSTAINABLE MARGINS AND COST LEADERSHIP: They invested in a product which has guaranteed them a positive relationship between sells and costs from the first year ( this allowed them to generate positive cash flows which enabled them to invest in RD), instead Sony and Microsoft are profitable only from this year( they actually lost lots of money).Also the suppliers found it easy to develop games for an easier console. Nintendo made a huge strategic bet that less is more in the global console gaming market. The Wii console is the low budget alterative to the Play Station 3 and the Xbox (see Figure 1.). It doesnt boast blistering chip speeds or cutting edge graphics. By not investing significant amounts of money in technology like Blu-Ray technology (typical to the Sony Playstation) the Wii was profitable from day one (Bremmer, 2006). Referring back to the target market, by targeting new generation families with a product that provides fun, educational and entertaining activities throu gh a cost leadership strategy, Nintendo is sure to please by providing families with more affordable fun, without the need to leave the house. -INNOVATION: They have a continuing emphasis in innovation and thats why Wii and Ds outsold their competitors Ps3 and Psp from Sony and Microsoft Xbox360). They are always one step ahead of their competitors. They basically invented a brand new way to conceive the games with their new motion controller. Which was perfect to last even during a crisis.( where theres lack of time theres no need to master small buttons, and lack of money it costs 249$ instead of 500/600$ of xbox 360 and ps3). Nintendos strategies always embed their core value: creativity. This is typically reflected in the case of Wii. Wii had accumulated a sales volume of 70.93 million worldwide, as of March 31, 2010 (Nintendo Co., Ltd., 2010, p.23). This is a remarkable sales result. Why is Wii so attractive to consumers? The most creditable feature of Wii is its multifunctionality. Distinctive from other game consoles, it allows the players to emulate a variety of actions, like shooting arrows and hitting tennis balls, to achieve objectives in the games. This is a truly fresh and unique experience for video game players. They praise Wii, and are desperate to get one without much regards to its price. Word of Mouth Marketing was achieved in this process. The achievement of Word of Mouth Marketing was welcomed by Nintendo, because the extensive share of information between players and their friends can bring significant results that even multi-million dollars advertisements can not bring (Trout, J., 2006). But in the end, credits belong to Nintendos core value of creativity. Without creativity, they could not develop products with preeminent functionality, and there would be no way for them to claim the leading position in the market. -BLUE OCEAN STRATEGY: They had expanded the market with their productsWii fit and Brain training. Now also women and old People play with consoles! They succeeded in creating a whole brand new videogames market in which they have no competitors and so they didnt have to create a price war with their products. Nintendo is not fighting against Sony and Microsoft. Its real enemy is the indifference that many people still feel towards gamingà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ (-President Satoru Iwata, Towns, 2006) In order for Nintendo to capture and retain profitable market share, it would be thought to be possible by achieving higher profitability than their competitors. However, as the insight above suggests, Nintendo have structured business strategy upon the mission to go out and reach the people that would not consider themselves to be gamers). This dramatically increases the size of the total addressable market for Nintendo marketing, and their intuitive strategies have meant that Nintendo touches many more people than the typical gamer with more profits to match. The mission to touch those indifferent to gaming, the company adopted the The Blue Ocean Strategy which is centred upon creating a market where there initially was none and going where no other organisation has gone yet (Rosmarin, 2006). To reach this untapped market, Nintendo adopted an all inclusive, gender and age-neutral stance to gaming. This was achieved by going against the grain of competitors and including women in their audience, welcoming women by introducing a feminine aesthetic in product marketing (for example the Wii and the DS are visually light, curvy, bright, people based products) and focusing on gaming/entertainment content that appeals to both sexes (for example the Wii Fit, Brain Training and Nintendogs). This can be contrasted to the gaming content of competitors in the market Sony and Microsift, which are typically associated just with competition content (Marketing Magazine, 2008). The SWOT analysis of Nintendo STRENGHTS WEAKNESSES Nintendos strengths include a well established brand name, well known franchises, ability to manufacture goods at a low price and innovative products as will be discussed later in this report. Since its computer gaming establishment in 1977 Nintendo has maintained a strong and brand image. This has been supported by their success in quality products such as previous market leaders the Super Nintendo Entertainment System and Nintendo 64. The franchises that Nintendo possess such as their gaming icons, Mario, Donkey Kong, Zelda, etc have enabled them to maintain customer loyalty and recognition. These franchises have also allowed Nintendo to touch on other markets i.e. toy market. Nintendos two major weaknesses would be their dependence on outside contracted manufacturers and lack of games compared to its competitors. Ironically, one of Nintendos strengths would also constitute as one of their biggest weaknesses. The dependence on specific manufacturers leaves Nintendo vulnerable if those manufacturers were to fail or suffer any difficulty in producing the required amount. The inability for manufacturers to supply goods on a timely basis would significantly impact on Nintendos performance as the switching costs between competitors within the industry are relatively low. The unavailability of products would ultimately constitute in loss of market share. OPPORTUNITIES THREATS The main opportunity that Nintendo are exposed to is that the world evolving to which more people are becoming more technologically compatible. People are introduced to technology at an earlier age and are becoming more computer orientated. Another opportunity for Nintendo would be the online gaming support system. It is anticipated that the sale level of gaming consoles will decrease as the number of online gaming subscriptions will increase .This includes the possibilities of introducing newer systems or even upgrading current products to align themselves with current online innovations and to potentially compete against upcoming new competitors. There are a number of threats that Nintendo may or have come across which include counterfeit products, competitors implementing motion detection additions and new companies planning to branch into the gaming industry. Counterfeit products are an issue to which will affect the sales of games. Even though extensive measures have been implemented to prevent such from happening, with time, the market will also manage to find ways around any security imposed. It has already been demonstrated that new technologies have been implemented by competitors which will provide intuitive gaming experiences at almost the same level as Nintendo. That being said this poses as a threat to one of Nintendos competitive advantage being product differentiation. The ever advancing technology market has allowed companies to enter into the gaming market. A major threat would be newer companies indulging into this market with even more advance peripherals and capabilities .A potential threat could be Apple which already have the motion detection and touch screen technology implemented into their iPhone and iPad. Sony took a risk putting the Blu-Ray player into the PS3, whilst Microsoft only offered the HD-Dvd drive as an extra peripheral so they could charge less for their console. This is often touted the main reason the Blu-Ray standard won. There were 5million PS3s in the market and less than 1million HD-Dvd players when Toshiba decided to pull the format. I always emphasise the Nintendo goal of putting smiles on the faces of everyone we touch whenever I visit our Global companies, both in Japan and throughout the world, and I think Im getting the message across. I want everyone at Nintendo to know I expect everything that they do, their every action, to lead to this goalà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦. Although our employees are all over the worldà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ we are all unified to achieving Nintendos corporate mission (-President Satoru Iwata, CRS Report, 2009). As Mr. Iwata said, Nintendo works to put smiles on the faces of everyone we touch (President Satoru Iwata, CSR Report, 2009), which shows that, Nintendo sincerely cares about the video game players, and always strives to bring unforgettable experiences to these consumers through continuous innovation and improvement. This is one of the secrets behind their success. CROSS COMPARISON Why they throve during recession. What do they have in common Particular focus on: Good relationship and communication within the company. Long term orientation Strong commitment for a good brand image [WiiStrategyCanvas.jpg]